Death of a Salesman: Discuss the importance of dreams in the play Essay

In Death of a Salesman, there are a few sorts of dreams that are clear. These are the expectations and aspirations of the characters, stares off into space dreams and recollections and national and social dreams, for example, the American Dream. Dreams are a significant piece of the play. They inspire the characters into their activities and clarify their conduct both previously and the ‘real time’ that the play is set in. The fantasies likewise influence how the entire play is organized. The play is set in the time after the American Dream had begun to blur. This is significant, in light of the fact that Americans no longer had confidence in it. Willy thought that it was difficult to acknowledge that his children didn’t put stock in what he had accepted for his entire life. The American Dream influenced all Americans when Willy Loman was more youthful, and despite the fact that Willy fell foul of the framework, he was a lot of influenced by it when he was a youngster, and it is still with him. The American Dream was a perfect, which demonstrated the longings of individuals who needed to kick off something new in a creating nation, to win and set aside their cash and appreciate an agreeable way of life and to work for themselves. The significant components of the American Dream, were having the best of everything, being fruitful and mainstream, having cash to spend, and the perfect of provincial living near nature, just as possessing your own business. Commercialization was a lot of connected to this. Publicizing was being utilized for the absolute first time, on bulletins, radio and even TV. Large scale manufacturing empowered more extensive accessibility, and sales reps were being utilized less and less as individuals purchased using a loan at across the nation stores. A few people figured out how to be fruitful inside this general public. Others experienced expanded strain to succeed and a sentiment of insufficiency and frustration on the off chance that they were not winning enough and are in this way couldn't accepting the best of everything. Industrialist society likewise prompted individuals being laid off when they were not, at this point monetarily valuable, as happens to Willy in the play. These are on the whole significant thoughts in Death of a Salesman. Willy experiences the new society and blows up when the ice chest breaks more than once and he can't bear to just supplant it. To Willy it is significant that he has the best of everything and it is significant that he is fruitful and well known and he alludes to this multiple times during the play. â€Å"He’s enjoyed, however he’s not well liked.† Willy not just needs to be the best, he needs to be regarded. His language reveals to us that he doesn't respect the individual that he is discussing. He is very deigning. The repeat of customer merchandise in the play, for example, the vehicle and ice chest, disclose to us that these things are critical to Willy, in light of the fact that they are a piece of his social standing. Be that as it may, these things are not all that essential to Linda. She is progressively worried about Willy and her children. Material articles don't make a difference to her, she is too stressed over Willy’s bliss. All the male characters in the play are influenced by the American Dream and feel the strain to succeed. Willy and Happy, especially, endeavor towards something that would not really ever fulfill them throughout everyday life. Biff addresses the American Dream and appears to defy it. He needs a straightforward life, since he has seen what the American Dream has done to Willy and he has never sunk into anything, along these lines. He doesn’t need to wind up like Willy. Biff challenges the American Dream along these lines, since he doesn’t need the articles that make up the way of life. The lifestyle around America by and large, was materialistic. Individuals must be believed to claim everything. Every individual from the Loman family has various expectations and desire, which have transformed from the past into the present. Willy has a great deal of expectations and aspirations, the greater part of which are unreasonable and are in his creative mind. He generally had enormous designs for himself, and in one of his recollections, we see him tell Happy and Biff his fundamental desire throughout everyday life. â€Å"Someday I’ll have my own business, and I’ll never need to venture out from home anymore.† Willy is consoling himself of his fantasy and that one day it will materialize, instead of the young men. He discusses the future, and the utilization of the word â€Å"someday† in a flash causes us to feel this is a fantasy. Willy needs to be the best and regularly communicates this in one he had always wanted. â€Å"Bigger than Uncle Charley.† Charley is by all accounts the one individual that Willy needs to beat and he is serious towards him. Towards the finish of the play, Willy is as yet attempting to promise himself that he is the best. â€Å"I am not very common! I am Willy Loman.† Willy still frantically needs to succeed and pick up the regard of Biff. He utilizes a regular expression, and attempts to promise himself that he isn't just an ordinary expression or individual. He is notwithstanding, starting to surrender expectation and it is soaking in that he is not much. Biff has totally different dreams to Willy, in light of the fact that he is attempting to think outside the box that Willy has made for him. Biff tried to do what Willy needed him to at the outset, however he loses regard for Willy and his fantasies change. â€Å"I went through six or seven years after secondary school attempting to work myself up.† Biff did this for Willy’s purpose, to substantiate himself to Willy. Biff talks in past tense, since he is done attempting to develop himself, to substantiate himself to Willy. Biff feels now, that since he hasn’t done what was anticipated from him, he has squandered his life. â€Å"I’ve consistently tried not squandering my life, and each opportunity I return here I realize that all I’ve done is to squander my life.† Biff feels that he has squandered his life when he returns home, in light of the fact that Willy causes him to feel along these lines, though, as a general rule, Biff hasn’t had the option to settle down. Upbeat cheerfully acknowledged the job that Willy made for him, since he was rarely yearning, and it fit him. Glad has been very fruitful, and has a large number of the things he generally needed. Notwithstanding, he has discovered that not all things are in the same class as it appears when you don’t have it. â€Å"But at that point, it’s what I generally needed. My own condo, a vehicle, and a lot of ladies. What's more, still, goddammit, I’m lonely.† Upbeat has got what he needed, yet he understands that once you have all that you need it’s not the equivalent, and in the event that you don’t have somebody to adore, you get forlorn. He understands that individuals are what makes a difference, not objects, yet toward the end, he moves from this once more. Cheerful swears, in light of the fact that he is attempting to pass on to Biff his point. Cheerful follows the American Dream and frequently considers him and Biff having their very own organization. â€Å"The Loman Brothers, heh? †¦ That’s what I long for Biff.† Glad needs his own business, as did Willy, however he needs it with Biff. He asks Biff an inquiry, since he needs Biff to promise him that his fantasy is the correct dream. Linda Loman is a straightforward character, and is, regardless of anything else, faithful to Willy and his expectations and thoughts. She wants just to be content with what she has, and she needs Willy, Biff and Happy to be prosperous, content and satisfied with what they have accomplished. She has never completely seen Willy or her children, and their craving for opportunity away from the city distracts her. She might want to be liberated from budgetary concern, and sees her life in the city, not anyplace else. Linda’s job is to depict the common American lady. She is dedicated to her better half and remains at home to care for the family. She fits in with the American dream, which is appeared in the play. The expectations and aspirations of the characters are not all extremely practical. Linda is the pragmatist in the family, and concurs with Willy to keep him upbeat. The characters all live their lives around their expectations and aspirations. They treat others as though they ought to have indistinguishable expectations and aspirations from them. A portion of the fantasies of the characters are critical to them, and this is on the grounds that these fantasies are the main way that they can get away from their world. They are miserable, however these fantasies satisfy them. Biff fundamentally changes his fantasies and desire after some time. At the point when he was youthful, he needed to resemble Willy and regarded Willy a lot. At the point when Biff discovers that he has failed at school, he goes to see Willy, who is away on a work excursion, and discovers him with a youngster. This obliterates Biff’s picture of Willy as his coach and adoring dad. Biff never recuperates from this, and a short time later, defies Willy and all that he has been in Biff’s life. Different characters don't change their fantasies as essentially. Upbeat understands that he is stuck in an impasse work, yet he can't get away, and doesn't wish to do as such, in light of the fact that he is agreeable where he is. Linda still has her fantasies despite the fact that she no longer endeavors to accomplish them, since she has understood that her children currently lead their own lives. Willy still needs to be the best, and thinks that its extremely difficult to acknowledge that he is becoming unreasonably old for his activity. Toward the finish of the play, Willy ends it all, and at his memorial service, Biff says â€Å"He had an inappropriate dreams. All, all, wrong.† Biff accept that Willy had an inappropriate dreams, while, Willy had the correct aims, he simply pointed excessively high. Biff is persuaded that his fantasies are the correct lifestyle, and that Willy was egotistical and living under a fantasy. Biff utilizes the word â€Å"wrong,† which drives us into accepting that Willy’s dreams were in certainty wrong, in spite of the fact that we realize that Willy was only a survivor of the American Dream. Dreams bigly affect the structure of the play, as we see Willy’s dreams and recollections carried on before us as though they were flashbacks in a film, they are undoubtedly flashbacks in Willy’s life. Willy is sixty, and as he gets more established, he recalls portions of his life in these flashbacks. He is reminisci

Coursework assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Coursework task - Essay Example business to contend all the more effectively on the planet commercial center and in its phenomenal advancement device for its workforce (PRASAD, 2012: 24).The International Human Resource administrator is hence expected to think about various perspectives when working in global angles, which incorporates; laws of the nation, the way of life of individuals, and work conditions for ostracize just as the nearby representatives, and pay desires. Human asset professionals and chiefs typically experience issues, for various reasons, when sending representatives on global obligations and tasks here and there with sad outcomes (HALVERSON, and TIRMIZI, 2008: 9). An alternate significant explanation could be that HR supervisors send representatives on worldwide obligations without offering them the vital preparing or permitting a period for the transitional stage (ILES, and ZHANG, 2013: 67). During this period, the human asset supervisors need to build up the essential and required administration aptitudes for their workers, as indicated by the employee’s level of expert in the host nation, concoct the structures, and acquire the human asset just as the universal methods and arrangements of the association set up, which is additionally material for HR administrators when sent on worldwide obligations. Organizations are coordinated by individuals who have highlights and essential skill which permit them to bond with the organizations just as individuals associated with the business. Human asset supervisors are in this way expected to have the option to meet the various challenges of playing out their duties. Human asset administrators along these lines assume various jobs which involve being a chief, nonentity, delegate, and the allocator of benefits just as the assets (WILTON, 2013: 7). They put down and accomplish the firm’s targets by arranging, requesting, coordinating just as controlling (NOE, 2013: 127). The human asset chiefs are likewise worried about the worldwide arrangement and coordination of global HR approaches just as

TOEFL Speaking Evaluation and Scoring

TOEFL Speaking Evaluation and Scoring TOEFL Speaking Shouldnt be so Hard.It really shouldnt. The problem that most students have is that they dont get proper feedback when they practice for the speaking section. They take the test again and again, but continue to make the same mistakes again and again.Dont Worry. We Can Help.Sign up for our TOEFL speaking evaluation service and youll get:An accurate estimate of how your practice answers would score on test day.Corrections and suggestions regarding your delivery, language use, topic development and structure.Feedback within 48 hours. Note that we also offer writing evaluations.Buy Now Using PayPal/Visa/MasterCard Number of QuestionsOne Question $10.00 USDTwo Questions $19.00 USDFour Questions $37.00 USDEight Questions $72.00 USD Heres How it WorksBuy an evaluation using the PayPal link above. Save money by purchasing multiple evaluations. Send your recordings all at once or one at a time.Record your next practice answers. Use your own questions or ask us for practice que stions.E-mail your recordings to TOEFL Resources: essayevaluation@toeflresources.comI will send a response in 48 hours. If you dont see it, remember to check your spam folder.Note for Korean Customers: New banking regulations in Korea make it impossible for you to use PayPal. Send me an email and Ill arrange an easy bank transfer.Hey, weve also got Writing Evaluations!SIgn up today and get line-by-line feedback focusing on your grammar, vocabulary, structure and argument. Youll also get a pretty accurate estimate of your score!Sign Up Today!

Sui Dynasty Emperors of China

During its short reign, Chinas Sui Dynasty reunited northern and southern China for the first time since the days of the early Han Dynasty  (206 BCE - 220 CE). China had been mired in the instability of the Southern and Northern Dynasties period until it was unified by Emperor Wen of Sui.  He ruled from the traditional capital at Changan (now called Xian), which the Sui renamed Daxing for the first 25 years of their reign, and then Luoyang for the last 10 years. Accomplishments of the Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty brought a great number of improvements and innovation to its Chinese subjects.  In the north, it resumed work on the crumbling Great Wall of China, extending the wall and shoring up the original sections as a hedge against nomadic Central Asians.  It also conquered northern Vietnam, bringing it back under Chinese control. In addition, Emperor Yang ordered the construction of the Grand Canal, linking Hangzhou to Yangzhou and north to the Luoyang region.  Although these improvements may have been necessary, of course, they required a huge amount of tax money and compulsory labor from the peasantry, which made the Sui Dynasty less popular than it might otherwise have been. In addition to these large-scale infrastructure projects, the Sui also reformed the land-ownership system in China. Under the Northern Dynasties, aristocrats had amassed large tracts of agricultural land, which was then worked by tenant farmers.  The Sui government confiscated all of the lands, and redistributed it evenly to all of the farmers in what is called the equal field system.  Each able-bodied male received about 2.7 acres of land, and able-bodied women received a smaller share.  This boosted the Sui Dynastys popularity somewhat among the peasant class but angered the aristocrats who were stripped of all their property.   Mysteries of the Time and Culture The second ruler of Sui, Emperor Yang, may or may not have had his father murdered.  In any case, he returned the Chinese government to the Civil Service Examination system, based on the work of Confucius.  This angered the nomadic allies that Emperor Wen had cultivated, because they did not have the tutoring system necessary to study Chinese classics, and thus were blocked from attaining government posts. Another cultural innovation of the Sui era as the governments encouragement of the spread of Buddhism.  This new religion had recently moved into China from the west, and the Sui rulers Emperor Wen and his empress converted to the Buddhism before the conquest of the south.  In 601 CE, the emperor distributed relicts of the Buddha to temples around China, following in the tradition of Emperor Ashoka of Mauryan India. The Short Run of Power In the end, the Sui Dynasty only held on to power for about 40 years.  In addition to angering every one of its constituent groups with the different policies mentioned above, the young empire bankrupted itself with an ill-planned invasion of the Goguryeo Kingdom, on the Korean Peninsula.  Before long, men were crippling themselves to avoid being conscripted into the army and sent to Korea.  The huge cost in money and in men killed or injured proved the Sui Dynastys undoing.   After Emperor Yangs assassination in 617 CE, three additional emperors ruled over the next year and a half as the Sui Dynasty crumbled and fell. The Sui Dynasty Emperors of China Emperor Wen, personal name Yang Jian, the Kaihuang Emperor, ruled 581-604Emperor Yang, personal name Yang Guang, the Daye Emperor, r. 604-617Emperor Gong, personal name Yang You, the Yining Emperor, r. 617-618Yang Hao, no era name, r. 618Emperor Gong II, Yang Tong, the Huangtai Emperor, r. 618-619 For more information, see the complete list of Chinese dynasties.

Neanderthal Burials at Shanidar Cave

The site of Shanidar Cave is located adjacent to the modern village of Zawi Chemi Shanidar in northern Kurdish Iraq, on the Zab River in the Zagros Mountains, one of the major tributaries of the Tigris River. Between 1953 and 1960, the skeletal remains of nine Neanderthals were recovered from the cave, making it one of the most important Neanderthal sites in western Asia at the time. Shanidar Cave Chronology Shanidar cave itself measures about 13,000 square feet (1,200 square meters) in area, or 75x75 ft (53x53 m) square. The mouth of the cave today measures about 82 ft (25 m) wide and about 26 ft (8 m) tall. The site deposits are about 46 ft (14 m) thick, which excavator Ralph Solecki divided into four major cultural layers, each separated by what Soleckis team recognized as discrete discontinuities. Layer A: Neolithic to ModernLayer B: Mesolithic to Pre-Pottery NeolithicLayer C: Upper Paleolithic or BaradostianLayer D: Middle Paleolithic or Mousterian Neanderthal Burials at Shanidar The lowest, oldest, and most substantial levels at Shanidar are the Mousterian levels, which represent a period of time when Neanderthals lived there about 50,000 years ago. Within these deposits were discovered nine human interments, at least some of which were deliberate burials. All nine of the burials at Shanidar were found beneath a cave rockfall, but the excavators were absolutely certain that at least some of the burials were purposeful. During the 1960s, that was a shocking statement to make, because Neanderthals were not considered humans, certainly not thought to be capable of caring for their dead. Considerably more evidence for Middle Paleolithic burials has since been recovered in other caves sites—at Qafzeh, Amud, and Kebara (all in Israel), Saint-Cesaire (France), and Dederiyeh (Syria) caves. Shanidar Burials Some of the skeletons from Shanidar exhibit evidence for interpersonal violence among Pleistocene hunters and gatherers, a level of violence also attested at El Sidrà ³n in Spain. Shanidar 3, a well-preserved adult male skeleton, had a partially healed injury to a rib. This injury is believed to have been caused by sharp force trauma from a stone point or blade. This is one of only a few known examples of Neanderthal traumatic injury from a stone tool—others include St. Cesaire in France and Skhul Cave in Israel. Experimental archaeology investigations by American archaeologist Steven Churchill and colleagues suggest that this injury resulted from being shot by a long-range projectile weapon. The skeleton known as Shanidar 1 was an older adult male, who survived a crushing fracture to his left eye socket, and the loss of his right forearm and hand. Archaeologists Erik Trinkaus and Sebastien Villotte believe this individual was also deaf, based on the presence of bony growths in his ears. Not only do these skeletons exhibit interpersonal evidence, they also indicate that Neanderthals cared for individuals who had been handicapped. Dietary Evidence Shanidar was the focus of early floral analytical studies, which presented what became a controversial interpretation. Soil samples taken from sediments near the burials contained an abundance of pollen from several kinds of flowers, including the modern herbal remedy ephedra. The pollen abundance was interpreted by Solecki and fellow researcher Arlette Leroi-Gourhan as evidence that flowers were buried with the bodies. However, there is some  debate about the source of the pollen, with some evidence that the plant remains may have been brought into the site by burrowing rodents, rather than placed there as flowers by grieving relatives. Recent studies by palynologists  Marta Fiacconi and Chris Hunt  also suggest that the pollen found in the cave is not dissimilar to pollen found outside of the cave. Microscopic studies of the calculus deposits—also known as tartar—on teeth from the Neanderthals at Shanidar found plant remains of several starchy foods that made up the inhabitants diet. Those plants included grass seeds, dates, tubers, and legumes. Some evidence suggests that at least some of the consumed plants had been cooked, and preserved starch grains from wild barley were also found on the faces of some of the Mousterian tools in the cave as well. Archaeology History The original excavations were conducted in the cave during the 1950s directed by American archaeologist Ralph S. Solecki. Later investigations of the site and on the artifacts and soil samples recovered from the site have been conducted by Trinkaus among others. Locally, Shanidar was until recently inhabited by Kurdish shepherds, but now it is managed by the local antiquities service and has become a popular Kurdish tourist destination. Sources Churchill, Steven E., et al. Shanidar 3 Neandertal Rib Puncture Wound and Paleolithic Weaponry. Journal of Human Evolution 57.2 (2009): 163-78. Print.Cowgill, Libby W., Erik Trinkaus, and Melinda A. Zeder. Shanidar 10: A Middle Paleolithic Immature Distal Lower Limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan. Journal of Human Evolution 53.2 (2007): 213-23. Print.Fiacconi, Marta, and Chris O. Hunt. Pollen Taphonomy at Shanidar Cave (Kurdish Iraq): An Initial Evaluation. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 223 (2015): 87-93. Print.Henry, Amanda G., Alison S. Brooks, and Dolores R. Piperno. Microfossils in Calculus Demonstrate Consumption of Plants and Cooked Foods in Neanderthal Diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.2 (2011): 486-91. Print.Nadel, Dani, et al. Earliest Floral Grave Lining from 13,700–11,700-Y-Old Natufian Burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.29 (2013): 11774-78. Print.Trinkaus, Erik, and Sà ©bastien Villotte. External Auditory Exostoses and Hearing Loss in the Shanidar 1 Neandertal. PLoS One 12.10 (2017): e0186684. Print.

Fdi- Boon or Bane Free Essays

string(38) " it will be worth an estimated US\$6\." FDI IN INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR ABSTRACT: The research paper aims to understand whether the FDI policy introduced in the Retail sector in India is a Boon or a Bane. The paper gives an outlook of the Indian Retail Sector, its growth trajectories and its contribution to the national GDP. It also entails in detail the policy of FDI in this sector and its various clauses. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdi- Boon or Bane or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper, in the end, talks about the benefits of implementing the FDI policy, and also what disadvantages it possess. 1. OVERVIEW OF INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR Indian retail sector is the most booming sector in the Indian economy and largest sources of employment after agriculture. Trade or retailing is the single largest component of the services sector in terms of contribution to GDP. Its massive share of 14% is double the figure of the next largest broad economic activity in the sector. India is the second most attractive retail destination ‘globally from among thirty emergent markets. It has made India the cause of a good deal of excitement and the cynosure of many foreign eyes. With a contribution of 14% to the national GDP and employing 7% of the total workforce (only agriculture employs more) in the country, the retail industry is definitely one of the pillars of the Indian economy. It is undergoing a transitional phase to usher organized retail. The attitudinal shifts of the Indian consumers were in terms of â€Å"Choice Preference†, â€Å"Value for money’ and the emergence of organized retail format. The overall Indian retail sector is expected to rise to US $ 833 billion by 2013 and to US $ 1. 3 trillion by 2018. In line with the global developments in the retail industry, Indian retail is largely dominated by the unorganized retailers. It has witnessed a massive transition in the last decade. Of the total retail sales, the food and grocery segment constitute the major chunk. Growing in tandem with the economy is the Indian retail sector. The sector is on a high growth trajectory and is expected to grow by more than 27 per cent over the next 5 to 6 years. Initially it was predominately fragmented through the owner- run â€Å"Mom and Pop Outlets†. The change in lifestyle, education, travel and disposable income has changed the pattern of consumption. Customers are aware of their surroundings and developments. The awareness was created through the advent of technology such as television, cable and satellite channels. They are accustomed to the organized retail format. Understanding the pulse or trend of the market the large corporate groups like ITC, Reliance, Tata, Rahejia and others are infusing staggering amounts of capital into organized retail sector. The Cardiovascular System iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/the-cardiovascular-system-intrinsic-conduction-system/embed/#?secret=u0WTJVCBYX" data-secret="u0WTJVCBYX" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;The Cardiovascular System#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Some of the leading Indian retailers who had tapped this market were Bata India Ltd, Big Bazaar, Crossword, Ebony Retail Holdings Ltd. , Food Bazaar, Globus Stores Pvt. Ltd. , Liberty shoes Ltd. , Music World Entertainment Ltd. , Pantaloon Retail India Ltd. , Shoppers Stop, Subhiksha, Titan Industries, Trent, Benetton, Addidas, Reebok, Levis, Diary Farm, KFC, Metro, WalMart, Marks Spencer’s etc are some of the popular global retail brands that have set up retail business in India. The organized retail sector comes with the concept of malls, supermarkets and department stores. Like Subhiksha, Marks Spencer’s, Oberon etc it gives a different feeling and the environment of pick and choose from a variety of products. The modern retail formats are encouraging development of well-established and efficient supply chains in each segment ensuring efficient movement of goods from farms to kitchens, which will result in huge savings for the farmers as well as for the nation. The Government also stands to gain through more efficient collection of tax revenues. In the coming years it can be said that the hypermarket route will emerge as the most preferred format for international retailers stepping into the country. At present, there are 50 hypermarkets operated by four to five large retailers spread across 67 cities catering to a population of half-a-million or more. Estimates indicate that this sector will have the potential to absorb many more hypermarkets in the next four to five years. According to World Bank report, it is suggested to have an organized retail sector so that it is easy to have a direct control on the price mechanism and to control on the macro economic variables. Strengths 1. India attracted US$16. 9bn in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in 2006, according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development – a 153% year-on year increase. 2. A cheap, skilled, English-speaking workforce can do the jobs of Western workers for a fraction of the wages paid in North America or Europe. 3. Average annual GDP growth of 7. 7% is predicted by BMI through to 2016. With the population expected to increase from 1. 26bn in 2012 to 1. 32bn by 2016, GDP per capita is forecast to rise 77. % by the end of the forecast period, reaching US$2,980. 4. The value of the retail segment is expected to grow from an estimated INR22. 53trn (US$489. 80bn) in 2012 to INR27. 73trn (US$739. 56bn) by 2016. Weaknesses 1. The competitiveness of local firms is undermined by official red tape, from foreign investment restrictions to inflexible labor laws. 2. Intellectual property rights are poorly protected in India, one of 12 countries on the 2009 priority watch list com piled by the US Trade Representative. 3. The rural population of India represents more than 70% of the total, while almost 37% is classified as not economically active by the UN. This is a major obstacle for retailers seeking to rapidly expand their customer base. Opportunities 1. India could enhance the competitiveness of the local industry through further liberalization and deregulation. 2. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is eager to reform the banking sector to increase the availability of long-term financing, particularly for large infrastructure projects. 3. The value of the OTC drug sector is forecast to grow by more than 94% by 2016, when it will be worth an estimated US$6. You read "Fdi- Boon or Bane" in category "Papers" 58bn. Threats: 1. The arrival of Western players, including management consultancy Accenture and technology company IBM, is raising local wages in the outsourcing sector. 2. China remains a major competitor for FDI flows into India. India has excessive bureaucracy and poor infrastructure in comparison with China, which attracted US$60. 6bn of FDI in 2005. 3. International retailers are restricted by India’s strict FDI regulations. Single-brand retailers are able to own a 51% majority stake in a joint venture with a local partner, but multi-brand retailers must operate through a franchise or cash-and-carry wholesale model. 2. WHAT IS FDI Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign investment refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more or voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital of the long term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of parameters. It usually involves participation in management joint-venture, transfer technology, and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or negative) and â€Å"stock of foreign direct investment† and outward foreign direct investment, which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares. FDI is one example of international factor movement. 3. FDI IN RETAIL: IT ALL BEGAN IN 2006 In 2006 the Indian government took the first step to promote organized retail in India by opening up single brand retailing to FDI. There are five entry routes through which the international players enter into the market, such as franchising, cash and carry wholesale trading, joint venture, manufacturing and distribution. Government of India permitted 100 per cent FDI in cash and carry wholesale formats through automatic route and up to 51 per cent FDI in single brand retail through Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). This rule made the international brand much easier to enter into the Indian retail market. Through this agreement Reebok, Nokia and Adidas entered the Indian market. However the franchising is one of the way through which small retailers embrace organized retailing through brand association where there’s a scope for leveraging business operations. The 100 per cent FDI permits for cash and carry has paved the way for retail giants like German Based Metro and US based Wal-Mart to set up their shops in India. Reliance Retail had made a tie up with UK based Marks Spencer to float an equal joint venture and this would scale up 1400 stores by the end of the next fiscal year. The benefits of FDI investment in the retail sector were: 1. It improves the quality in products and services because of higher competition 2. Improved the lifestyle 3. Economies of scale would help lower consumer prices and increase the purchasing power of the consumer 4. The technology upgraded the system in terms of logistics, production and distribution channels. It adds as a driver in the Supply Chain Management. . The FDI investment will help in flourishing and developing the retail segment. 6. It not only promotes tourism and would develop skills and manpower. 4. FDI NOW IN RETAIL India’s retailing industry is essentially owner manned small shops. In 2010, larger format convenience stores and supermarkets accounted for about 4 percent of the industry, and these were present only in large urban centers Unti l 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any retail outlets. Even single-brand retail was limited to 51% ownership and a bureaucratic process. In November 2011, India’s central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-brand retailers such as  Walmart,  Carrefour  and  Tesco, as well single brand majors such as  IKEA, Nike, and  Apple. In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement that the single brand retailer source 30 percent of its goods from India. Indian government continues the hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores. On 14 September 2012, the government of India announced the opening of FDI in multi-brand retail, subject to approvals by individual states. This decision has been welcomed by economists and the markets, however has caused protests and an upheaval in India’s central government’s political coalition structure. On 20 September 2012, the Government of India formally notified the FDI reforms for single and multi brand retail, thereby making it effective under Indian law. On 7 December 2012, the Federal Government of India allowed 51% FDI in multi-brand retail in India. The Feds managed to get the approval of multi-brand retail in the parliament despite heavy uproar from the opposition. The government of Manmohan Singh, prime minister, announced on 24 November 2011 the following: * India will allow foreign groups to own up to 51 per cent in â€Å"multi-brand retailers†, as supermarkets are known in India, in the most radical pro-liberalisation reform passed by an Indian cabinet in years; * Single brand retailers, such as Apple and IKEA, can own 100 percent of their Indian stores, up from the previous cap of 51 percent; * Both multi-brand and single brand stores in India will have to source nearly a third of their goods from small and medium-sized Indian suppliers; * All multi-brand and single brand stores in India must confine their operations to 53-odd cities with a population over one million, out of some 7935 towns and cities in India. It is expected that these stores will now have full access to over 200 million urban consumers in India; * Multi-brand retailers must have a minimum investment of US$100 million with at least half of the amount invested in back end infrastructure, including cold chains, refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing to considerably reduce the post harvest losses and bring remunerative prices to farmers; * The opening of retail competition will be within India’s federal structure of government. In other words, the policy is an enabling legal framework for India. The states of India have the prerogative to accept it and implement it, or they can decide to not implement it if they so choose. Actual implementation of policy will be within the parameters of state laws and regulations. The opening of retail industry to global competition is expected to spur a retail rush to India. It has the potential to transform not only the retailing landscape but also the nation’s ailing infrastructure. A Wall Street Journal article claims that fresh investments in Indian organized retail will generate 10 million new jobs between 2012–2014, and about five to six million of them in logistics alone; even though the retail market is being opened to just 53 cities out of about 8000 towns and cities in India. It is expected to help tame stubbornly high inflation but is likely to be vehemently opposed by millions of small retailers, who see large foreign chains as a threat. The need to control food price inflation—averaging double-digit rises over several years—prompted the government to open the sector, analysts claim. Traders add huge mark-ups to farm prices, while offering little by way of technical support to help farmers boost their productivity, packaging technology, pushing up retail prices significantly. Big foreign retailers would provide an impetus for them to set up modern supply chains, with refrigerated vans, cold storage and more efficient logistics. Foreign chains can also bring in humongous logistical benefits and capital; the biggest beneficiary would be the small farmers who will be able to improve their productivity by selling directly to large organized players. 5. ADVANTAGES 1. Huge Market Size and a Fast Developing Economy India is the second largest country in the world just behind China in terms of population. Currently the total population is about 1. 2 billion. This huge population base automatically makes a huge market for the business operators to capture and also a major part of it is still can be considered as un-served or not yet been penetrated. Therefore FDI investors automatically get a huge market to capture and also ample opportunity to generate cash inflows at relatively quicker times. The economy of India is also moving at faster pace than most of the economy of the world and inhabitants of the country also obtaining purchasing power at the same rate. 2. Availability of Diversified Resources and Cheap Labor Force The huge advantage every company gets by investing in India is the availability of diversified resources. It is a country where different kinds of materials and technological resources are available. India is a huge country and has forest as well as mining and oil reserve as well. These are also coupled with availability of very cheap labor forces at almost every parts of the country. From Mumbai which is in the west to Bengal which is in the east there is ample opportunity to set up business venture and location and most importantly labor is available at low cost. 3. Increasing Improvement of Infrastructure A lot of research study in India finds out that historically the country fails to attract a significant amount of FDI mainly because of problems in infrastructure. But the scenario is changing. The Indian government has taken huge projects in transportation and energy sectors to improve the case. The projects for developing road transport is worth of $90 billion, for rail it has undertaken several projects each worth of $20 million and for ports and airports the value of development projects is around $ 80 billion. In addition the investment in energy development is worth of $ 167 billion and investment in nuclear energy development is outside that calculation. These huge investments are changing the investment climate in the country and investors will benefit hugely by that (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2005; Dua Rasheed, 1998). 4. Public Private Partnerships Another significant advantage foreign investors experience in India today is the opportunities of PPP or Public private Partnership in different important sectors like energy, transportation, mining, oil industry etc. It is advantageous in several ways as it has eliminated the traditional tirade barriers and also joint venture with government is risk free up to the great extent (GOI, 2007; IMF, 2005; Nagaraj, 2003). 5. IT Revolution and English Literacy Today the modern India considered being one of the global leaders in IT. India has developed its IT sectors immensely in last few years and as of today many leading firms outsource their IT tasks in India. Because of IT advancement the firm which will invest in India will get cheap information access and IT capabilities as Indian firms are global leader. Along with that Indian youth are energetic and very capable in English language which is obligatory in modern business conduction. This capability gives India an edge over others. Foreign firms also find it profitable and worthy investment by recruiting Indian HR (GOI, 2006; GOI, 2007; IMF, 2005; Lall, 2002). 6. Openness towards FDI Recently the Government of India has liberalized their policies in certain sectors, like Increase in the FDI limits in different sectors and also made the approval system far easier and accessible. Unlike the historical tradition, today for investing in India government approval do not require in the special cases of investing in various important sectors like energy, transportation, telecommunications etc (Economic Department, 2005; GOI, 2007; Nagaraj, 2003). . Regulatory Framework and Investment Protection In the process of accelerating FDI in the country the government of India has make the regulatory framework lot more flexible. Now a day’s foreign investors get different advantages of tax holiday, tax exemptions, exemption of service and central taxes. The government also opened few special economic zones and investors of those zones also get a lot of befits by investing money. Apart from that there are number of laws has been passed and executed for making the investments safe and secure for the foreign investors (IMF, 2005; Nagaraj, 2003; Planning Commission of India, 2002; World Bank, 2004). FDI can be a powerful catalyst to vigorous competition in the retail industry, due to the current scenario of low competition and poor productivity. FDI will help if farmers can bargain. Villages only know how to produce things. We have to tell them how to market their produce, how to do value addition. One of the things we have talked about a lot in the book is cooperative farming. In India, farmers have small holding but they form a cooperative, it becomes a large holding and then form a cooperative, it becomes a large holding and then the farmer has bargain power. FDI will accelerate retail market growth, providing more employment opportunities. It s a basic principle that creating competition in general is good for the market. But the doubt is that, since proper procurement and distribution system and the infrastructure is not fixed, how the rest will fall in place, when the giant retailers enter our market. Back-end procurement will still remain big problem. Sumita Kale, economi st, in his statement says that â€Å"the debate that by-introducing 51 percent FDI, a lot of money will flow out of the country is an old school of thought. Lots of our Indian companies are operating abroad and have successfully contributed to our economy. The bigger issue is that with benefits we might end up paying a price hence we must work on a reasonable solution. As mentioned earlier the farmer will benefit from FDI as they will be able to get better prices for their produce. The elimination of the intermediate channels in that procurement process will lead to reduction of prices for consumers. Foreign brand will promote healthy completion in market. Every time the government brings up the subject of FDI, the domestic retailers with the support of some politician jump to lobby against the bill. As the government initializing the FDI, there is bound to be some problems, which can definitely be resolved. The government in near future can appoint a regulating body to monitor the retail sector just like other sectors. There will be lot of man power requirement when FDI starts, logistic demands will be more, and people to serve in these stores will get jobs. Managerial positions will open up. Technological requirements and software developments will increase based on the Indian market software needs will be changed. Infrastructure and building constructions will take place. The living conditions will change, good roads will come up. There will be good flow of money that flows these are major benefits of FDI. 6. DISADVANTAGES Customers feel that retail stores offer better deals, but they don’t realize that they end up paying and buying more than what is required. If 51 percent FDI is allowed in multi brand, it will teach the local retailers about real competition and help in ensuring that they give better service to Indian consumers. It is obviously good for local completion and there are no consequences of our local kirana shops disappearing. The Kirana stores operate in a different environment catering to certain set of customers and they will continue to find new ways to retain them. Kirana stores are convinced that stores all big stores will be set up far away from the city and the travel time in India will not help us to go often and buy things from these large stores. Large store buying will help only in bulk purchases. So there is no need to fear about the FDI investment in this context. Investing in India definitely has some negative sides as well. Most noticeably India considered as a huge market but a major portion of that is a lower and middle class person who still suffers from budget shortage. The infrastructure of the country also needs to be improved a lot and already it is under huge strain. There are also problems exists in the power demand shortfall, port traffic capacity mismatch, poor road conditions deal with an inefficient and sometimes still slow-moving bureaucracy. The huge market in India is an advantage but it is also very diverse in nature. India has 17 official languages, 6 major religions, and ethnic diversity as wide as all of Europe. This makes the tasks difficult for the companies to make appropriate product or service portfolio. India is not a member of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes also not of the New York Convention of 1958. That make life bit difficult for the foreign investors. India still has a heavy regulation burden among other countries, for example the time taken to start business or to register a property is higher in India. Similarly, indirect taxes, entry-exit barriers and import duties have been major disadvantages (Nagaraj, 2003; Planning Commission of India, 2002; USITC, 2007; World Bank, 2004). KEYWORDS: Retail, FDI, SME, Multi-brand, Single-brand REFERENCES: 1) Amanpreet Kang. (2012). Evaluating Effects of FDI In Developing Economies: The Curious Case of Pharmaceutical Companies. ABS, Amity University Rajasthan (ISSN 2230 7230) 2) Anonymous. (11 Feb, 2008;). FDI reforms. Business Asia. 3) Anu Antony. (July – December 2009). The Transitional Shift Of Indian Market Space And FDI In Retail. Globsyn Management Journal. 4) Dr Surender Kumar Gupta. (Feb 2012). FDI and Indian Retail Sector-The Path Ahead. International Journal of Marketing and Technology (ISSN: 2249 1058). 5) Prof. G. V. Bhavani Prasad, E. Hari Prasad Sharma (June 2012). Impact Of FDI on Economic Development of India. International Journal of Marketing and Technology (ISSN: 2249 1058). 6) H. S. Yadav, Sangeeta Jauhari. (2011-2012). Foreign Direct Investment and Retail Trade in India (The Consequences under Globalization). Skyline Business Journal. 7) M. Chackochen and Pon Ramalingam. (April – June, 2012). FDI Investment: Retail Franchising. SCMS Journal of Indian Management.. 8) Tarun Kanti Bose. (1 May, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of FDI in China and India. International Business Research. 9) Anonymous. (2012). India Retail Report. Business Monitor International. 10) Seth, Smriti. (29 Nov 2011). FDI in retail to make consumers king? 122 mn consumers set to gain [Retailing]. The Economic Times. 11) Arati R Jerath. (04 Dec 2011). FDI in retail: Is it another nuclear deal moment?. The Economic Times. 12) Rai, Manmohan. (16 Sep 2012). FDI in retail is anti-farmer and anti-small retailers, says UP Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav. The Economic Times. 13) Sen, Amiti. (26 Mar 2012). FDI in retail: Local sourcing seems to work well in multi-brand retail, but not in single brands. The Economic Times. 14) Anonymous. (11 July 2012). FDI in single-brand retail: No policy change, DIPP to put IKEA’s concerns in FIPB court. The Economic Times. 15) Accord Fintech. (28 Jan 2012). SME’s support FDI in multi brand retail: CII Survey. The Economic Times. 16) Ghosal, Sutanuka; Srinivas, Nidhi Nath. (02 Dec 2011). FDI in India: Farmer bodies throw their weight behind retail FDI. The Economic Times. 17) www. ebsco. com 18) www. proquest. com How to cite Fdi- Boon or Bane, Papers

Factors Influencing Employee Performance System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Factors Influencing Employee Performance System. Answer: Introduction: According to Street and Thomas (2017), about two-thirds of Australian adults are obese. Naughton (2016) observed that obesity among adults doubled in the last 30 years and further predicts that obese or overweight population will reach 70 percent by 2025. Moreover, Australian institute of health and welfare (AIHW) (2017) acknowledge that obesity and overweight is a major public health issue affecting Australia. As such, these health and welfare issues go along away to affect employee performance in the work place. Campbell (2016) also notes that majority of Australians get obese as they get older. This means that those working in companies will become less effective as they age. Bashir and Ismail Ramay (2010); Rajgopal (2010); Nielsen et al. (2017) acknowledge that health plays a very significant role on employee performance. Nielsen et al. (2017); Iheanacho Maryjoan and Tom (2016); Kumar, McCalla and Lybeck (2009) suggest that a healthy worker is a happy worker who is more productive and perform well. However, with the ever rising level of obesity, many employees attention to working environment is losing focus thus affecting their productivity. Aims and objectives This research proposal aims to investigate the extent to which employee welfare and health affect their performance at work, and also to establish what the management can do to address obesity and overweight of their employees. The objectives are to: Determine the effect of obesity and overweight on employee turnover; Develop strategies the management can adopt to contain obesity and overweight of the employees; Examine if the working conditions contribute to employee obesity and overweight. To successfully investigate the extent to which employee health and welfare affect employee performance, this study will employ both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Literature review to investigate the effect of employee welfare and health on performance, whether working conditions contribute to obesity and overweight, and effects of obesity and overweight on turnover, this study will use journals, AIHW, Australian bureau of statistics, reports and other relevant online resources. Data collection secondary data will be collected from Australian bureau of statistics, government agencies, and from employee records. Interviews to supplement data from secondary sources, the researcher will collect data from employees of various companies whether working conditions promote obesity and overweight as well as strategies to counter the problem. Combining the data from secondary and primary sources will help management of various companies to know the extent of their responsibility to address workers welfare and health. Secondary data and analysis methods This study will use secondary data from both government agencies and various companies employee data. In particular, Australian bureau of statistics will avail data on impact of obesity and overweight on employee performance, and the cost of obesity and overweight to the management. From employee data, the researcher shall examine whether the work condition contribute to obesity and overweight among works. The collected primary data on strategies to contain obesity and overweight will be coded and analyzed using SPSS. Besides, the secondary data will be analyzed to establish the relationship between health and welfare of the employee and their performance. Finally, the findings will be presented in tables, charts, graphs accompanied with discussions and recommendations. References AIHW (2017). An interactive insight into overweight and obesity in Australia. Retrieved on April 4, 2018 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/overweight-obesity/interactive- insight-into-overweight-and-obesity/contents/how-many-people-are-overweight-or-obese Bashir, U., Ismail Ramay, M. (2010). Impact of stress on employees job performance: A study on banking sector of Pakistan. Campbell, L. (2016). Shocking Statistics That Illustrate Australia's Obesity Problem. Retrieved on April 4, 2018 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/02/24/australia-obesity- statistics_n_9154422.html?utm_hp_ref=au-obesity Iheanacho Maryjoan, U., Tom, E. E. (2016). Effects of industrial safety and health on employees job performance in selected cement companies in cross river state, Nigeria. Kumar, S., McCalla, M., Lybeck, E. (2009). Operational impact of employee wellness programs: a business case study. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 58(6), 581-597. Nielsen, K., Nielsen, M. B., Ogbonnaya, C., Knsl, M., Saari, E., Isaksson, K. (2017). Workplace resources to improve both employee well-being and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Work Stress,31(2), 101-120. Naughton, J. (2016). This Is What Obesity Is Costing Australia. Retrieved on April 4, 2018 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/02/25/obesity-cost-in- australia_n_9199240.html Rajgopal, T. (2010). Mental well-being at the workplace.Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine,14(3), 63. Street, T. D., Thomas, D. L. (2017). Beating Obesity: Factors Associated with Interest in Workplace Weight Management Assistance in the Mining Industry.Safety and health at work,8(1), 89-93.

Early Childhood Education

Early Childhood Education is the field of practice, research and study that deal with children’s experiences during their early stages of life. During Childhood education, young children receive formal education and are under the care a professionals who may not be a family member.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Early Childhood Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Children receive this kind of education outside their homes. The term early childhood is used to refer to children below the age of normal schooling, which according to many nations is five years. However, this is not always true. For instance in the U.S., it includes children below the age of eight years. The educator should be aware of physical, social and cognitive development stages of preschoolers’, toddlers and babies. He/she must also cooperate with their parents in order to bring the child up in a good way (Armstrong, Henson Savage, 2008). According to Blenkin and Kelly (1996), the study on early childhood is important because it is the time during which the body and brain of a child is undergoing rapid development. During this stage, children develop skills and abilities like motor skills, language and psychosocial cognitive and learning. Exogenous factors like the environment in which children are exposed to right from birth to eight years are said to affect the psychosocial cognitive and learning of the child. Early childhood education builds a strong foundation for academic success in children. Its studies prepare the child for primary school education, which contributes to academic excellence of the child later in life. Studies have shown that readiness that children get from early childhood education has positive social and economic impacts during their adult life. Such children have limited chances of engaging in criminal behaviors; attain good results in schools which secure them good places i n employment the result of which is higher earnings. Based on the major role that childhood education plays, the content of this paper will emphasize on the topic.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Historical development of Early Childhood Education The Philosophy of early childhood education can be traced from the works of scholars like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Amos Comenius. Sociologists like Jean Peaget, Erick Erikson and Sigmund Freud concentrated much on the developmental stages of children. The scholars approached the discipline in different ways but they all held the belief that early childhood education played a major role in developing interests and abilities of children as they grow up (Blenkin Kelly, 1996). The first and largest early childhood program was Kindergarten, which was developed in the United States between 1782 and 1852 by Friendrich Froebel. Th e program was later on adopted in Europe and other countries. The movement was accelerated by industrial revolution and absorption of women in large numbers to work in factories. Between 1870 and 1952, another early childhood program developed by Maria Montessori’s was also adopted in many countries. However, the role of early education as the first step in the system of education came to the knowledge of many nations after the Second World War (Blenkin Kelly, 1996). Blenkin and Kelly (1996) argue that Kindergarten was the first training institution to offer training skills for teachers of young children. The first training school was begun in Boston by Germany kindergarteners Matilda Kriege and her daughter in 1868. The term kindergartener was used to refer to children attending school and their teachers. The kindergartens were started by Germany immigrants who were running away from the Russian Revolution in which Germany was defeated and that’s why they were initia lly Germany-speaking. Today, the role of early childhood education is recognized worldwide. Public institutions have been established to offer training to these teachers because children at this stage are sensitive and teachers should know how to deal with them. Current Principles of Early Childhood Education In order to enhance early childhood education, the program is based on various principles. These principles are meant to make the system effective so as to improve the level of education. The program requires trained personnel. Teachers should acquire adequate training in early childhood education centers where they will be equipped with necessary knowledge and skills to interact and train young children successfully.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Early Childhood Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early childhood is not only meant to help parents who are working but also help children acquire phys ical, cognitive, socials and emotional experience away from their homes. During this period, children learn how to count, play, interact and socialize with others. Parents should be meant to understand that the purpose of getting their children to school is none other than getting the required knowledge and skills (Beneke Helm, 2003). According to Beneke and Helm (2003), the program is based on the principle that all childhood education programs should be licensed. The teaching methodologies used should meet interests and developmental needs of children. Licensing ensures that children are secure and their health needs are taken care of. Teachers should ensure that the environment in which children live in is secures and healthy. Children learn well when they feel free and secure in the environment. It is therefore important for the teacher to ensure that children are comfortable to enhance their learning. Resources and programs needed in education centers should be coordinated by the government to ensure that children get prepared for elementary and secondary education. The government should fund these institutions so that they can buy materials and cater for all expenses needed for successful learning of children. The institutions should be provided with reading and writing materials as well as good feeding programs for children. Recreational facilities are also needed because playing is vital for young children. Co-ordination between parents, teachers and the government is important. Finally, the system is based on the principle that all children have the opportunity to access early childhood education. Parents are encouraged to let their children go through the program because it creates a strong academic foundation (Beneke Helm, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Professional Organizations Intensive research has been conducted concerning early childhood education because of its importance. It is argued that if interference in the fundamental development of skills and abilities of a child occur during the early stages, this is likely to affect their learning potentiality in future and the damage may be long-lasting. Various organizations have been established worldwide advocating the role played by early childhood education. Professional organizations support early childhood professionals by providing them with guidance and resources needed to better education of the young children. Example of such organizations include The New York City Association for the Education of Young Children (NYCAEYC), World Organization for Early Childhood Education and National Association for Childhood Education International (ACEI) among others (Nutbrown, Clough Selbie, 2008). World Organization for Early Childhood Education is a worldwide non-profit making non -governmental organization operating in more than 60 countries. The organization includes parents, teachers, health officers, activists, researchers, socials workers and students. The goal of the organization is to ensure that children between the ages of zero and eight years access their rights to education in all the member countries (Nutbrown, Clough Selbie, 2008). The NYCAEYC advocates for and promotes the quality of education offered to children below the age of eight years and their larger families as well as enhancing their well being by supporting professional development. The ACEI is a global organization whose aim is to support and promote optimal education and children development from birth till puberty. In addition, the organization encourages people to train and become professionals who would then bring change in the society by passing acquired knowledge to children. The organization sees to it that all children access quality education (Nutbrown, Clough and Selbie, 2 008). In the modern world, some of the best practices employed by teachers in childhood education centers include play, songs and dances that form the basic form of entertainment. Play is very important for young children. This is because their brain is not fully developed and therefore it cannot retain large volumes of information. It is therefore important for the teacher to allocate enough time for children to relax their minds. Since they cannot concentrate for a long period of time, the teacher should have several breaks in between the classes during which children should go to the field and play. The teacher should accompany them and be in charge. The teacher directs the children during the activity. In addition to plays, children can also engage in dances and songs. This is mainly aimed at refreshing the mind. Children should be taught on how to conduct the songs themselves. Finally, other forms of entertainment like watching the television can be of great help. The teacher s hould ensure that the programs enhance academic work of the children (Nutbrown, Clough Selbie, 2008). Technology in Early Childhood Development In the modern world, people are always striving to find solutions to their problems. Technology is a major problem solving tool in education. Technology increases academic skills, reduces the number of school dropouts and discourages racial discrimination in schools. Improvements in technology have made it easier for teachers to execute their duties. Studies have shown that children in the modern world know much more than children of their age sometime back. Modern generations are more advanced than the previous ones. For instance, children can easily access books of all kinds whenever they need them in libraries. This helps in rapid and easy expansion of knowledge (Blake Taylor, 2010). The use of Computers, tablets, laptops and smart phones has increased rapidly in childhood education programs. Through technology, the qualities of educati onal program have been modified in to interesting ways. Computers are used by teachers to teach children and keep records of class performance. Children between the ages of three and eight effectively use computers today. Now that children know how to make use of the above electronics, they have a lot of information at their figure tips. For instance, they only need to â€Å"Google† in the computer and search for answers to their questions. For children whose parents own computers at home, they have a greater advantage because they can access computer services at home. Some mobile phones can also be networked and provide similar services (Blake Taylor, 2010). The media has improved early childhood education. Modern television channels offer quality programs than traditional ones. There are many educational programs displayed in different channels for children to watch. They are so many such that children can never watch them all. The radio offers educational programs for chi ldren in which children allowed to answer question. For instance, the questions are asked by the radio presenter and children answer through a phone call. The presenter then says whether the child is right and if not, he provides the correct answer. The knowledge is passed to all children who happen to be listening making this a way of enhancing education. Other technological advancements which have eased early childhood education include the use of printers, scanner, digital cameras and video recorder (Blake Taylor, 2010). Blake and Taylor (2010) argue that application of technology in early childhood education will be at increase even in future. However, less fortunate and children from poor families will be disadvantaged. These electronics are very expensive. Accessing and using them will be difficult for children from poor families. Improvement in technology level is likely to increase immorality rate among school children. The more the children know how to operate computers, t he more they will get in touch with sites not fit for their stage. Research has shown that many children visit pornographic sites in computers. As much as technology is going to affect early childhood education positively, it will also have its side effects. Improvements There are many challenges which children encounter during their studies which should be well- known to their teachers and other educational employees who interact with them directly. These are the right people to determine the areas which require improvements. In order for children to learn well, physical, social, emotional and learning needs should be met. Failure to satisfy one of the needs makes it hard for the child to study well. The performance of children improves when they are encouraged and supported by adults. Teachers should ensure that they make the necessary improvements to ensure that children succeed in their studies whenever they realize points of weakness among students (Jalango Isenberg, 2003). Ch allenges Among the challenges facing early childhood education include lack of enough funds. Early childhood education is mainly offered in the private sector at very high costs. Lack of finance makes it hard for some parents to enroll their children in schools. Accessibility of such institutions may be a challenge. People may have to travel for long distances before getting to the learning institution. Other challenges include lateness from school, a lot of home work given to children that cannot be completed overnight, competition in class, lack of enough playing grounds, competition with neighboring schools and lack of enough sleep for children (Jalango Isenberg, 2003). Controversial issues The list of controversial issues in early childhood education is long. Some of the debatable issues in early childhood education include young children should use computers, whether viewing the television leads to violent behavior among children, whether homework improves the performance of c hildren and finally the correct age at which young children should join kindergarten among other issues (Jalango Isenberg, 2003). Conclusion The study of developmental stages of young children is a vital topic. I personally chose the topic because I like interacting with young children and helping them whenever it’s necessary. My desire is to see children live comfortably and succeed in their studies and that’s why I have chosen to pursue a course in early childhood education which will help me understand the concept better. My goal is to see that I help children pursue and succeed in their studies once I become a professional in the field. References Armstrong, G., Henson, T. Savage, V. (2008). Teaching today: An introduction to education. London: Prentice Hall Higher Education. Beneke, S. Helm, H. (2003). The power of projects: meeting contemporary challenges in early childhood classrooms– strategies and solutions. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Blak e, S. Taylor, S. (2010). Technology for early childhood education and socialization: developmental applications and methodologies. London: IDEA Group Inc (IGI). Blenkin, M. Kelly, A. (1996). Early childhood education: a developmental curriculum. New York, NY: SAGE. Jalango, R. Isenberg, P. (2003). Major trends and issues in early childhood education: challenges, controversies, and insights. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Nutbrown, C., Clough, P. Selbie, P. (2008). Early childhood education: History, philosophy and experience. New York, NY: SAGE Publications Ltd. This essay on Early Childhood Education was written and submitted by user Liam Richardson to help you with your own studies. 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The Ottoman Sultans Were Not Very Turkish

The Ottoman Sultans Were Not Very Turkish The Ottoman Empire ruled over what is now Turkey and a large portion of the eastern Mediterranean world from 1299 until 1923. The rulers, or sultans, of the Ottoman Empire had their paternal roots in Oghuz Turks of Central Asia, also known as the Turkmen.   The History of Concubine Mothers However, most of the sultans mothers were concubines from the royal harem - and most of the concubines were from non-Turkic, usually non-Muslim parts of the empire. Much like the boys in the Janissary corps, most concubines in the Ottoman Empire were technically members of the slave class. The Quran forbids the enslavement of fellow Muslims, so the concubines were from Christian or Jewish families in Greece or the Caucasus, or were prisoners of war from further afield. Some residents of the harem were official wives, as well, who might be noblewomen from Christian nations, married to the sultan as part of diplomatic negotiations. Although many of the mothers were slaves, they could amass incredible political power if one of their sons became the sultan. As valide sultan, or Mother Sultan, a concubine often served as de facto ruler in the name of her young or incompetent son. Ottoman Royal Genealogy The Ottoman royal genealogy begins with Osman I (r. 1299 - 1326), both of whose parents were Turks. The next sultan likewise was 100% Turkic, but beginning with the third sultan, Murad I, the sultans mothers (or valide sultan) were not of Central Asian origins. Murad I (r. 1362 - 1389) was 50% Turkish.  Bayezid Is mother was Greek, so he was 25% Turkish.   The fifth sultans mother was Oghuz, so he was 62.5% Turkish. Continuing in the fashion, Suleiman the Magnificent, the tenth sultan, had about 24% Turkish blood.   According to our calculations, by the time we get to the 36th and final sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI (r. 1918 - 1922), the Oghuz blood was so diluted that he was only about 0.195% Turkic. All of those generations of mothers from Greece, Poland, Venice, Russia, France, and beyond really drowned out the sultans genetic roots on the steppes of Central Asia. List of Ottoman Sultans and their Mothers Ethnicities Osman I, TurkishOrhan, TurkishMurad I, GreekBayezid I, GreekMehmed I, TurkishMurad II, TurkishMehmed II, TurkishBayezid II, TurkishSelim I, GreekSuleiman I, GreekSelim II, PolishMurad III, Italian (Venetian)Mehmed III, Italian (Venetian)Ahmed I, GreekMustafa I, AbkhazianOsman II, Greek or Serbian (?)Murad IV, GreekIbrahim, GreekMehmed IV, UkrainianSuleiman II, SerbianAhmed II, PolishMustafa II, GreekAhmed III, GreekMahmud I, GreekOsman III, SerbianMustafa III, FrenchAbdulhamid I, HungarianSelim III, GeorgianMustafa IV, BulgarianMahmud II, GeorgianAbdulmecid I, Georgian or Russian (?)Abdulaziz I, RomanianMurad V, GeorgianAbdulhamid II, Armenian or Russian (?)Mehmed V, AlbanianMehmed VI, Georgian

Annal report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Annal report - Assignment Example Most stock exchanges prefer continuous illustration of the accounting performance of the listed companies (Stanley, 2009). Examples of basic annual accounting records include; Trading profit and loss account, balance sheet, general corporate information, cash flow statement, accounting policies, director report, auditor report, and financial review. Other relevant financial information required by stakeholders include; corporate social responsibility information, that illustrates social and environmental sensitive activities. The details shown in the annual accounting reports are utilized by investors in determining the present financial position of the company, in relation to the future financial and operation direction. In the United States of America, a relatively complex financial report referred to as the Form 10-K is legally filed at the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (William, 2011). The authority and responsibilities associated with preparation of the annual accounting reports and associated financial statements=, lies with the company directors. The directors choose the most appropriate accounting approaches, and then use them consistently. The applicable accounting procedures must adhere to the professionally accepted accounting principles (Richard,

American Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American Law - Essay Example The power is there restrained to Indians not members of any of the states, and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any state within its own limits. What description of Indians were to be deemed members of a state, had been a question of frequent contention and perplexity in the federal councils. And how the trade with Indians, though not members of a state, yet residing within its legislative jurisdiction, could be regulated by an external authority, without so far intruding on the internal rights of legislation, seems altogether incomprehensible. A regular system of free and speedy communication, is of vital importance to the mercantile interest, but on a wider scale we must also admit it to be of the first consequence to the general benefit. In time of peace, it tends to keep the people duly informed of their political interests; it assists the measures of government, and the private intercourse of individuals. During a war, the rapid communication of intelligence, by means of the post, and the greater facility of transferring bodies of men or munitions of war, to different places, by the aid of good roads, are evident advantages. If these establishments should in practice produce no revenue, the expense would be properly chargeable to the Union, and the proceeds of taxation in the common forms be justly applied to defray it. If, however, as has proved to be the case, the post office yields a revenue, which is with the other revenues of the United States applicable only to the general service, it is obvious, that no state o ught to interfere by establishing a post office of its own. This is therefore an exclusive power so far as relates to the conveyance of letters, &c. In regard to post roads, it is unnecessary, and therefore would be unwarrantable in congress where a sufficient road already exists, to make another; and on the other hand, no state has a power to deny or obstruct the passage of the mail, or the passage of troops, or the property of the United States over its public roads. The power given to congress, in respect to this subject, was brought into operation soon after the Constitution was adopted, and various provisions have at different times been enacted, founded on the principle of its being an exclusive power. It has been made a constitutional question, whether congress has a right to open a new mail road through a state or states for general purposes, involving the public benefit, and the same doubt has been extended to the right of appropriating money in aid of canals through states. At the end of the Revolution, the United States was in a difficult economic position. Its resources were drained, its credit shaky and

AMD And Intel Processor Comparison Information Technology Essay

AMD And Intel Processor Comparison Information Technology Essay AMD processors offer three ranges high end, middle and end basis. There are three processors each category. Category consists of high end AMD Phenom II X6, AMD Phenom X4 and AMD Phenom II x2 II. Phenom II X6 is the first six-core AMD processors are intended for the optimum level of performance and very high. Phenom X4 II is equipped with quad-core Phenom chips and chip-II X6 is specifically designed for the very unusual use of quality multimedia and advanced applications.Phenom X2 II 2 core processor is the capacity to ensure high performance is good overall with a very economical price. Category consists of mid-end AMD Phenom X3 II, II, and AMD Turion AMD Turion Ultra II. II Phenom X3 is a customer of class 3 core processors with 64-bit computing capabilities, designed to provide optimum performance with economy pricing. Both Turions multimedia products designed for the perfect and most of them come with an AMD or ATI graphics, of course, at a very economical price. AMD is the AMD Sempron basis, AMD Athlon and AMD Athlon X2 Neo Neo. Considered best for mobile computing, AMD Sempron is a popular choice for low budget desktop and laptop. The processor is suitable for very basic computing needs such as browsing the Internet, the basic functions of the office and e-mail. Neo Neo Athlon and Athlon X2 comes with a lower processing power and economic strength of customers and most are found in netbook and nettop. Because the integrated ATI graphics, the processor also offers basic feasible multimedia output. Intel Processors Not to be outdone by AMD, Intel is a serious competitor when it comes to Intel and AMD processor comparison. Similar to AMD, Intel also offers a range of three processors the high end, mid end and the base the first category consists of three and the rest consists of two products. High-end consists of the latest series of Intel Core processors i Intel Core i3, i5, and i7. Core and Core i7 i5 comes with 2, 4 or 6 (there is only the Core i7) and the ability of 64-bit processors. Both come with Hyper Threading technology and Turbo Boost. Turbo Boost technology ensures increased overall performance and handling aspect as the number of active cores, power consumption, processor temperature, etc. Core i3 also has this feature, except Turbo Boost technology. Core i5 has a cache memory is lower than the i7. Mid-end range includes Intel Core 2 Duo and Intel Pentium Dual Core processor. The former offers two core processes that improve the gaming and multimedia output. This last is based on Core micro-architecture and a decent multimedia output. Basic Intel processors, including Intel Centrino, Intel Centrino Duo and Intel Atom. >Power Consumption When we look to overall power consumption of a system, Intel definitely suffered the early downfall . Its Pentium 4 processors had a very bad reputation of 150W TDP. Intel tried to solve the problem in its Intel i7 960 processor, which goes to less than 95W TDP. But, experiments have still proved that a machine running on an Intel i7 960 processor consumed, at least 7W more power, than an AMD Sempron . But in today AMD to produce a new product, AMD Phenom X4 II. Product in product far greater to AMD products before, This Power Consumption 125 watt AMD can give than the Intel Core i7 , that only 95 .Its too big different if you compare whether product by AMD and Intel. >Price vs. Performance When it comes to the performance to cost ratio, AMD has definitely been the winner, for a long time. Its processors were cheaper, as compared to Intel and they definitely did provide high value performance. But, with the advent of the Intels Quadcore and Intel Core i7 processor, the situation has totally changed. The performance of a Intel Core i7 processor is, perhaps, the best in the market and its price is continuously falling. >3D Gaming This is basically the feature that had allowed AMD to hold its top position for a long time. Even with no graphics card, AMDs 64 bit processor could take on the load and support the gaming features of advanced games. Intel, however, suffered an initial setback because the multithreading features that it allowed, were not used by many games then. The AMD Phenom II X4 bit could beat the Pentium 4 computers, in almost all respects, when it came to gaming. But, the turnover again, happened with the introduction of the Intel i7 960 processor processors. The scenario changed completely. Besides the equivalent features that these two processors could provide (when compared to the AMD Phenom II X4 ), they also had an added feature of supporting dual video cards. >Graphics The comparison would again be the same, as that of the 3D gaming. AMD is a winner when its processors are compared to Intels previous processors, but AMD Phenom X4 II. processors, with their supreme features, have helped Intel re gain the share of the market that it deserves. >MP3 and Video Encoding AMDs 64 bit processors provided faster encoding of MP3s, as well as videos. The reason is simple a 64 bit processor will, of course, be faster than a 32 bit processor. Intels 32 bit processors had higher clock frequencies, but while the clock frequency of a 64 bit processor could be less, it worked at almost twice the speed than what was mentioned in its manual. This feature was also combated by Intel with its AMD Phenom X4 IIprocessors. If we do not run experiments to test the minutest details, then both the companies can provide good encoding capability for any average user. >Cooling and Productivity Computers working on Intel i7 960 processors definitely have superior cooling features and better heat sinks, when compared to the AMD machines. Not only this, but the Intel i7 960 could reach to a speed of 3.2 GHz on proper cooling. >Office Productivity and Multitasking Finally, we come down to the basic features, that every computer user is worried about the level of office productivity, internet browsing speeds and multitasking that their machines would provide. Just as a 32 bit processor and a 64 bit processor cannot be compared with respect to office productivity; similarly, it is better if we dont compare these processors as well, on the level of their office productivity. You cannot actually notice a spreadsheet launching faster on your screen or your letters being typed faster. Both the organizations are equivalent, when compared on the basis of their office productivity. But, coming down to multitasking, AMD with its 64 bit processors provided better multitasking features and none of the Intels processors, before the launching of the Core 2 Duo processors could match up to it. But with the entry of Intels Core 2 Duo and Quadcore on the scene, we can again consider the situation balanced. Before we end this discussion, let us consider a few more common features that both these processors can handle equivalently. It may not be of much concern to many people, but the processors manufactured by both the organizations support the sharing of the DDR2 RAM, peripherals and the video cards equally well. As a computer user, it is, in fact not necessary, to be a die-hard fan follower of the chips of either organizations. Just wait for the more advanced chip to be launched; it may be from any organization, but you will definitely be the one to benefit. Which is Better AMD or Intel for Gaming? For gaming , what matters the most is how big is the graphic card or the video card. It would be interesting to know that AMD produces their processors keeping the ATI graphic cards in mind, whereas Intel makes their laptops to run better with Nvidia graphic cards. Quite surprisingly, it was found that AMD machines had exceptional quality graphics as compared to Intels. Hence, if you are a hardcore gamer or like to watch everything in HD, then it is better to bet on an AMD processor laptop. Hence, AMD can be a clear winner between AMD vs Intel for gaming. We cannot neglect the reputation of Intel at the same time for producing some amazing processors time and time again. Again, Intel has lately stormed the market with their phenomenal Core i series, which are truly amazing for their overall performance. I would say, analyze as per your usage and then decide upon which is better, AMD or Intel. If you want your computer for multimedia use like for gaming, music or video editing, etc., and want a gaming laptop, then I would suggest to get an AMD powered machine. On the other hand, if you dont mind spending more on a computer for its overall performance and the efficient battery consumption, then nothing can be better than Intel. It can be analyzed that, with AMD processors, you are able to get 90% of overall satisfaction with 60% of price. Whereas, with Intel based machines you can get over 98% or more of overall satisfaction with equal percentage of price. AMD vs Intel Processor Comparison Chart User Requirement AMD Intel Power Consumption Less efficient than Intel More efficient than AMD Price Range Lower Higher Cooling Factor Heats up faster Runs cooler for a longer duration Performance Speed Not very Fast, compared to Intel Faster than AMD Gaming and Multimedia Better multimedia output due to faster clocking Not very good for gaming Performance:Price High:Low High:High (Specifications)>Example AMD Intel Product AMD Phenom II X4 Intel Core i7 Model Number 965 I7-880 Cpu Part Number HDX965FBK4DGM BV80605002505AG Core Number Deneb 4MB shared L3 cache 2.4GHz Intel Core 2 Duo 1066MHz frontside bus 3MB shared L2 cache Socket Socket AM2+ / Socket AM3 Socket 1156 Frequency (MHz) 3400 3067 Clock Multiplier 17 23 L1 cache 256 KB (code) / 256 KB (data) 128 KB (code) / 128 KB (data) L2 cache (KB) 2048 1024 L3 cache (KB) 6144 8922 Max temperature (ÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ °C) 62 TDP (Watt) 125 95 >Conclusion Finally, we look at to the basic features, that every computer user is worried about the level of office productivity, internet browsing speeds and multitasking that their machines would provide. Just as a 32 bit processor and a 64 bit processor cannot be compared with respect to office productivity, Similarly, it is better if we dont compare these processors as well, on the level of their office productivity. But, in this multitasking sides , AMD Phenom II X4 with its 64 bit processors provided better multitasking features and none of the Intels processors, Before we end this discussion, let us consider a few more common features that both these processors can handle equivalently. It may not be of much concern to many people, but the processors manufactured by both the organizations support the sharing of the DDR2 RAM, peripherals and the video cards equally well. As a computer user, it is, not necessary, to be a fan follower of the chips of either organizations. Just wait for the more advanced chip to be launched; it may be from any organization, but you will definitely be the one to benefit. Back to Top Copyright Hanif Aini2011 ©

Merton Truck Company’s Financial Performance and Product Mix

Introduction In response to your report and request regarding Merton’s financial performance and product mix, I have met with your controller, sales manager and production manager, and have provided a solution that will improve the company in these two areas. Using a systematic approach, I was able to analyze the current machine hours, standard costs, and overhead budget. My findings have allowed me to determine the best monthly product mix that will maximize Merton’s total monthly contribution.Furthermore, I have addressed the decision regarding outsourcing, and have provided both the maximum rent your company should pay in addition to the maximum number of hours that should be rented. When determining the product mix, I took careful consideration of the machine hour constraints that your factory must account for. The following sections will provide further information in regards to my analytical technique, and how I was able to determine these figures. Current Situation Mertonâ₠¬â„¢s third and fourth quarters of last year should not be deemed a failure, but rather an area where the company can improve.It is evident your company’s current product mix is not meeting the financial standards that the company expects. As your sales manager pointed out, Model 101 trucks currently cost $40,205 to produce and are selling at a price of $39,000, meaning the company is producing this model at a loss. Some other issues to point out are the current capacity levels. Although the company is profiting on each Model 102 sold, maxing out capacity for this model may not be the best solution, as suggested by the controller.An analysis of the provided budget will allow us to track where the company’s money is being spent, and will suggest certain areas where possible changes can be made. Evaluating the different scenarios will answer our current questions on whether to stop producing Model 101’s all together, to continue producing both models but at differ ent amounts, and/or to consider the use of an outside supplier. Data Used in the Analysis To address the main goal of increasing financial performance, I had to define the objective of the current situation.Simply put, the objective is to maximize total contribution from the two models, which will directly improve Merton’s financial performance. Our focus is contribution rather than profit because contribution deals only with variables costs and variable costs are costs that we can manipulate to better Merton’s financial position. By determining exactly how much contribution Merton receives from producing one Model 101 and one Model 102, we can attempt to maximize these figures. A product’s contribution is the amount of money the company receives after subtracting out the variable production costs.Figure 1 shows the contribution received for producing one truck of Models 101 and 102. I was able to calculate this figure using the data provided from Tables B and C in your report. Table B listed the variable costs which include the direct materials and direct labor costs per model. I then added the variable overhead costs per unit that were listed in Table C. Subtracting these variable costs from the total selling price leaves us with Model 101 attributing $3,000 in contribution and Model 102 attributing $5,000. The second goal is to determine an optimal product mix.In order to do so, I had to account for any constraints, or parameters that limit production and affect total monthly contribution. Table A from your report provided these constraints, which are the production capacities of the four departments, engine assembly, metal stamping, Model 101 assembly and Model 102 assembly. These constraints, which will be discussed in the following sections, are provided in Figure 2. Finding both the contribution per model and the constraints allows us to determine the decision variables.Decision variables help us do exactly that, make decisions. Sin ce product mix is the decision we are making, the decision variables represent the number of 101 and 102 units that Merton should produce each month. These variables are represented as X101 and X102. Having identified our variables I was now able to setup a mathematical equation that will calculate Merton’s maximum contribution per month. The equation is as follow: Maximum Contribution = $3,000*X101 + $5000*X102 Method of Analysis: Linear ProgrammingAfter reading the report and understanding the variables involved, I realized that linear programming would be a useful tool in this situation. Linear programming (LP) is beneficial because it assists in decision making when resource allocation is involved. Our situation calls for a better approach when allocating labor, machinery, money, time and materials, thus making LP the perfect fit. For this situation, linear programming is more than an option. It is a must. Due to our number of constraints, using a linear program will comp ute exact outputs that will save time and eliminate the risk of human error.The program will allow us to input the known variables (101 and 102 contribution), and will calculate the optimal product mix, while staying within the parameters of our listed constraints (Figure 2). Analyzing the Options with Solver Optimal Product Mix Now that you have an understanding of the capabilities of linear programming, I will explain how I was able to use this model when persuading your sales manager, controller and production manager. Although these three do not agree on how Merton is currently allocating its resources, one aspect where they do agree is that maximizing contribution is Merton’s main focus.After explaining that this linear program, known as â€Å"Solver,† can calculate optimal product mix on the basis of maximum contribution, I received their undivided attention. Solver’s product mix calculation stated that Merton Truck Co. should produce 2,000 Model 101 truck s and 1,000 Model 102 trucks each month. Using this product mix will provide a maximum contribution of $11,000,000 per month. The objective formula that was presented above shows this calculation: $3,000*(2,000101)+5000*(1,000102)= $11,000,000 total contribution per month.Remember, this formula is calculated while staying within each of Merton’s production constraints. Simply producing more or less of either model will do one of two things. One, it would exceed one of our given constraints, or two, it would produce a total contribution that is lower than $11 million. Solver’s suggestion to produce 2,000 Model 101’s proves that the controller was correct in his objection of the sales manager. The model confirms that doubling Model 101 production allows the fixed overhead of 2. 7 million to be absorbed over 2,000 models instead of 1,000 as the company is currently doing.Since Merton pays fixed overhead of 2. 7M. for 101’s and only 1. 5M for 102’s, it makes sense to â€Å"get your money’s worth† by producing more 101’s. Renting Additional Capacity In addition to providing the optimal product mix, Solver has a number of other capabilities that help support my recommendations. One capability is that Solver can help us determine whether the production manager was correct when suggesting to rent additional capacity from an outside supplier. After the variables are input into the Solver program, I run the calculation.Once the program has calculated the data, it provides us with a â€Å"sensitivity report† that focuses on our available resources (constraints) and tests a number of â€Å"what-if scenarios. † For this situation, it will help us determine the amount to pay per rented hour and exactly how many additional hours to rent. Two relevant categories to note from the sensitivity report are the â€Å"shadow price† and the â€Å"allowable increase†. The program provides a shadow pric e which states that for each additional unit produced, Merton will receive ‘X’ dollars in contribution. The shadow price for engine assembly was $2,000.Therefore, for each additional unit of capacity (rented hours), Merton can afford to pay a maximum of $2,000. In regards to the allowable increase, Solver suggests that Merton should purchase a maximum of 500 rented hours. After 500 hours have been purchased, there is no further increase in contribution. The use of Solver has once again proven beneficial. Although the production manager’s suggestion was correct, Solver has strengthened his argument by providing objective data that tells us a max price to pay in addition to the maximum number of hours to rent.Additional Constraint – Producing at a 3:1? After finding out from the optimal product mix that it is more beneficial to produce two times the number of Model 101’s than Model 102’s, why not increase production to three to one? We can test this proposal by simply adding an additional constraint to our linear program. As expected, the optimal product mix was forced to change to a 3:1 ratio. Adhering to this constraint provided a product mix of 2,250 Model 101’s and 750 Model 102’s. However, the unwanted consequence is noticed in total monthly contribution.Plugging this product mix into our objective equation shows that contribution actually decreases. $3,000*(2,250101)+$5000*(750102) = $10,500,000. Seeing this drop in monthly contribution further proves that our previous optimal product mix of a 2:1 ratio should remain in place. Closing As mentioned in the previous sections, linear programming is a useful technique that should be applied to help improve Merton’s financial performance. My recommendation is that the company immediately implements a product mix of 2,000 Model 101 trucks and 1,000 Model 102’s.Secondly, the company should rent additional capacity from an outside supplier. Howeve r, your company must not pay more than $2,000 per hour, and not rent more than 500 hours because this would no longer increase total contribution. Although linear programming is widely used and often very accurate, no model is perfect. One disadvantage of linear programming is that it does not take into account industry trends. Choosing to produce two times the amount of Model 101’s does not guarantee this model will sell two times as much. Furthermore, linear programming is only useful in solving linear scenarios.Real world constraints are not always linear. For instance, a constraint that involves â€Å"number of staff members required per model† would be impossible to calculate when the other constraints are based on hours. Additionally, linear programming does not account for risk. What if the supplier cannot provide materials for one month’s time? What if Model 101 is using defective parts and the line becomes halted? These are items to consider when implem enting LP, but by no means should they prevent Merton Trucks from implementing the model. Figure 1: Contribution per Model Model 101|Sell Price| $39,000| Direct Materials| $24,000| Direct Labor| $4,000| Variable Overhead| * $8,000| Contribution| $3,000| Model 102| Sell Price| $38,000| Direct Materials| $20,000| Direct Labor| $4,500| Variable Overhead| * $8,500| Contribution| $5,000| Figure 2: Constraints Machine-Hours: Requirements and Availability| Department| Required Machine Hrs. Model 101 Model 102| | Total Machine Hrs. Available per Month| Engine Assembly| 1| 2|